Finally, we discovered that the national principle of mestizaje is associated with more tolerant attitudes about intermarriage, especially in countries with large Afro-descendant populations. Ethnoracial minorities showed particular support for the national principle of mestizaje. Across countries, we fi nd partial evidence that the strength of earlier nation-making mestizaje ideas is related to support for mestizaje today, and that strong multicultural policies may have actually strengthened such support. We found that most Latin Americans support mestizaje, although support varies by country and ethnicity. Latin American elites authored and disseminated ideologies of mestizaje or race mixture, but does the general population value them today? Using the 2010 Ameri-cas Barometer, we examined public opinion about mestizaje in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru using survey questions that modeled mestizaje both as a principle of national development and as tolerance for intermarriage with black or indigenous people. The third principal type was the highland-intensive agriculturists, many of whom achieved state-level societies in the mountains and plateaus of Mexico, Guatemala, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. They also occupied the rest of Colombia and Venezuela and ranged northward through the whole of Central America and the Antilles. Lowland extensive agriculturists were much more widespread, ranging from central Chile throughout most of interior Brazil to the whole of the Amazon Basin, including those portions now within the territorial borders of Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and the Guianas. They were also predominant on the northern frontier of the Spanish Empire, the arid
Marginal hunters and gatherers were restricted for the most part to Argentina, Uruguay, and parts of coastal Brazil.
TYRANT UNLEASHED DOMINION SHARD FULL
1 Nonetheless, a full range of cultural variability also existed in the Latin American region. By contrast, South America was inhabited by predominantly agricultural societies. In fact, North America is the only major world region where the majority of the aboriginal peoples relied on gathering, hunting, and fishing for their subsistence.
Most societies were food producers, and in many respects, the region f rom central Mexico southward was far more advanced than the area lying to the north in what is today northern Mexico, the United States, Within the area of present-day Latin America, the great majority of the peoples had reached levels of significant cultural achievement. The native inhabitants of the New World represented a great range of cultural development, from simple hunting and gathering bands to complex and literate civilizations. In order to understand the contemporary character and distribution of Indian populations in Latin America, it is necessary to know something about the nature of indigenous societies at the time of European discovery.
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